OUTLINE — LECTURE 18

HUMANISTS AND REFORMERS

Humanism in Context:

The Italian Renaissance and Humanism:

See Jakob Burckhardt (1818–1897), The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (first ed. 1860)

Giotto di Bondone (Florence, c.1266–c.1337)

Fra Angelico (Florence, 1387–1455)

Michelangelo Buonarotti (Florence-Rome, 1475–1564)

Raphael Santi (Urbino-Rome, 1483–1520)

Sandro Botticelli (Florence, c.1444–1510)

Giovanni Bellini (Venice, c.1426–1516)

Origins of legal humanism (in the order covered in the lecture):

Lorenzo Valla, c.1407–1457 and the Donation of Constantine

Andreas Alciatus, 1492–1550, teaches at University of Bourges, founder of the mos gallicus (the “French style) as opposed to the mos italicus (the “Italian style”)

Angelo Poliziano, 1454–1494, return to the codex Florentinus (6th c. manuscript of the Digest)

Willelmus Budaeus (Guillaume Budé), 1467–1540, Adnotationes ad pandectas (1st ed. 1507)

compare Desiderius Erasmus (Gerrit Gerritszoon), 1466/9–1536

Ulricius Zasius, 1461–1535

Some key events:

mid-15th century, the “invention of movable type” (Gutenberg Bible, 1455)

1492, Columbus ‘discovers’ America

1519, Charles I of Spain, grandson of Maxiliam I and Mary of Burgundy, and of Ferdinand and Isabella, becomes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

1517, Luther nails the 95 theses to the door of the church at Wittenberg

1524–5, the German Peasants’ War (der deutsche Bauernkrieg)

1545–1563, Council of Trent

1555, Peace of Augsburg, cuius regio, eius religio

1572 (August 24), St. Bartholomew’s day massacre

1588, Defeat of the Armada

1598, Edict of Nantes, religious toleration for Protestants in France

1618–1648, Thirty Years’ War, ends with Peace of Westphalia

Reformers

See Harold Berman, Law and Revolution, II: The Impact of the Protestant Reformations on the Western Legal Tradition (2003)

John Wyclif, c. 1325–1384

Jan Hus, c. 1369–1415

Martin Luther, 1483–1546

Ulrich Zwingli, 1484–1531

John Calvin, 1509–1564

The Empire:

1493–1519, Maxmilian I, married Mary of Burgundy, dau. of Charles the Rash, their eldest son Philip m. Joanna, dau. and heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon and Castile, their eldest son was

1519–1556, Charles V

1556–1564, Ferdinand I, brother of Charles (‘Austrian Hapsburgs’)

1564–1567, Maxmilian II, son of Ferdinand and Anne heiress of Bohemia and Hungary

1567–1602, Rudolf II, son of Maxmilian II

Spain:

1516–1556, Charles I (V), as above

1556–1598, Philip II, son of the above (‘Spanish Hapsburgs’)

France:

1483–1498, Charles VIII

1498–1515, Louis XII, b-in-law of Charles VIII, and ggson of Charles V thru Louis, duke of Orléans

1515–1547, Francis I, 1st cousin once removed of Louis XII, gggson of Charles V, through the cadet branch of Orléans line (Angoulême)

1547–1559, Henry II, son of Francis, m. Catherine de Medici

1559–1560, Francis II

1560–1574, Charles IX

1574–1589, Henry III, all three brothers and sons of Henry II, withHenry III’s death Valois male line extinct

1589–1610, Henry IV of Navarre, descendant of Louis IX thru Robert who married the heiress of Bourbon, m. (1) Henry II’s youngest dau. Margaret and (2) Marie de Medici; their son was:

1610–1643, Louis XIII

Political Ideas:

See John Figgis, Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius (1st ed. 1907)

Conciliarists:

compare Marsilius of Padua, c. 1275–c. 1342

compare William of Ockham, c. 1288–c.1347

Ailly, Pierre d’, 1350–1420 (theologian conciliarist), salus populi suprema lex (“the safety [or salvation] of the people is the supreme law”)

Zabarella, Francesco, c.1335–1417 (cannonist conciliarist)

Gerson, Jean, 1363–1429 (theologian conciliarist)

Nicholas of Cusa (Cues), 1401–1464, De concordantia catholica (humanist, philosopher, moved away from conciliarism)

All by himself:

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 1469–1527, The Prince

Lutherans:

Luther, Martin, 1483–1546

Melanchthon, Philipp Schwarzerd called, 1497–1560

Politiques:

L’Hôpital, Michel de, 1507–1573, Traité de la réformation de la justice

Bodin, Jean, 1530–1596, Six livres de la république

compare Coras, Jean de, 1515–1572

Pasquier, Etienne, 1529–1615, Recherches de la France

Monarchomachi:

Hotman, François, 1524–1590, Franco-Gallia

Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe de, 1549–1623, Vindiciae contra tyrannos

Neo-Scholastics:

Casas, Bartolomé de las, O.P., 1474–1566

Vittoria, Francisco de, O.P., 1483–1546, De Indis et de iure belli

Soto, Domingo de, O.P., 1494–1560, De justicia et jure

Molina, Luis, S.J., 1536–1600, De justicia et jue

Mariana de la Reina, Juan de, S.J., 1536–1624, De rege et regis institutione

Suarez, Francisco, S.J., 1548–1617, De legibus et Deo legislatore

The Return of Emperor and the Horse:

Alciatus, Andreas, 1492–1550
Charles Dumoulin, 1500–1566
Govéa (Gouveanus), Antoine de, 1505–1566
Franciscus Duarenus (François Douaren), 1509–1559
Baron, Éguinaire, 1495–1550
Bodin, Jean, 1530–1596