Roman Law
9/18/2007
Outline

 

I. THE JURISTS (continued)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. PROCEDURE IN ATHENS

 

 

 

 

 

 

III. THE NATURE OF CIVIL LITIGATION IN ATHENS AND ROME

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IV. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN ROME

 

Procedure (continued)

 

A glimpse at the jurists:  We have the names of a couple of hundred jurists and extracts from the works of approximately 100.

1.

Republican jurists:

Quintus Mucius the first to compile the ius civile

Servius Sulpicius Rufus friend of Cicero

2.

Augustan jurists:

Labeo of the old school, anti-imperial, the problem of the ius respondendi

The debate between the schools: Labeo vs. Capito, Nerva vs. Sabinus, Proculus vs. Cassius, Julian vs. Celsus—called Sabinians vs. Proculeans or Proculeans vs. Cassians

The beginnings of the bureaucratization—Javolenus Priscus

3.

Middle period classical jurists:

Celsus the definer

Aristo the practitioner

Scaevola the giver of responsa

Julian treasurer under Hadrian (consolidated the edict) vs.

Pomponius and Gaius, the commentators, the “academics”

4.

Late period classical jurists, Severan period:

Papinian

Paul

Ulpian

Modestinus

Papinian, Paul and Ulpian are all prefects of the praetorian guard.  Modestinus was prefect of the watch.  Papinian was also secretary a libellis.  Papinian was executed by Caracalla; Ulpian was probably murdered by the guard.  They are important because they are responsible for well over half the Digest.  Ulpian alone is responsible for almost 1/3 of it, Paul for 1/6.  They are hard to characterize.  They are all encyclopedic.  Papinian may be the most balanced, Paul the most original, Ulpian the most comprehensive, Modestinus the least distinguished.  Modestinus is the only classical jurist to write in Greek.  He dies c. 244 and is regarded as the last of the classical jurist.

 

1.

Choice of procedure: dike (private suit; case brought by victim or family); graphe (public suit; generalized standing); aikeia (battery) vs. hubris

2.

Summons, preliminary hearing (anakrisis)

3.

Trial: speechwriter (logographos); klepsydra (water clock); dikastes (judge/juror)

4.

Timesis (penalty hearing)

 

1.

Descriptive theories of procedural systems

 

a.

The principle of bilateral hearing —> the problem of contumacy

 

b.

Party presentation (Verhandlungsmaxime) vs. judicial investigation (Inquisitionsmaxime)

 

c.

Party-management (Parteibetrieb) vs. official- management (Offizialbetrieb)

 

d.

Formal or legal proof vs. rational or moral proof

 

e.

Orality vs. documentation

 

f.

Immediacy vs. mediacy (e.g. examination of witnesses)

 

g.

Privacy vs. secrecy

2.

Access to justice and quality of justice in Athens and Rome

 

1.

Late Republic and Early Principate: quaestiones perpetuae

2.

Cognitio extraordinaria

 

 

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